HPV stands for Human Papillomavirus. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide that can infect both men and women. It is estimated that eight out of 10 people will get HPV infection at some point in their lifetime. There are more than 200 known types of HPV, and some are more dangerous than others. High-risk HPV strains are associated with cervical, vaginal, vulvar, oral, anal, and penile cancer. Other low-risk strains may lead to genital, oral, or other skin warts.

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. Most cases are caused by long-lasting infections of high-risk HPV strains. Cervical cancer often develops slowly, it can take 10 to 15 years for abnormal cells to turn into cancer. Cervical cancer is the 10th most common cancer among women in Singapore despite being highly preventable.

Early-stage cervical cancer usually causes no signs or symptoms, making routine screening essential. When symptoms do appear, you may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding and/or discharge, and pelvic discomfort.

Almost all cervical cancer cases (over 99%) are caused by a persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV. While the majority of HPV infections clear on their own, a small percentage of persistent, long-term HPV infections can cause normal cells on the cervix to turn abnormal and develop into cancer if they are not found and treated in time. You cannot see or feel HPV or these cell changes on your cervix. That is why it is important to take preventive measures against HPV and go for regular cervical cancer screening.

Anyone with a cervix who has been sexually active may be at risk. The risk is higher when a high-risk HPV infection persists, and for people with weakened immune systems, including those living with HIV. Regular screening is important even if you feel healthy and have no family history of cervical cancer.

Yes, HPV affects men as well. Certain HPV strains can cause genital warts and cancers affecting areas such as the anus, penis and back of the throat. HPV vaccination can help prevent infections associated with several of these conditions.